Method for detecting the methylation of colorectal-cancer-specific methylation marker genes for colorectal cancer diagnosis

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to a method for detecting the methylation of colorectal cancer-specific marker genes for colorectal cancer diagnosis, and more particularly to a method of detecting colorectal cancer-specific marker genes, which are methylated specifically in colorectal cancer cells, to provide information for diagnosing colorectal cancer. The use of the inventive method for detecting methylation and the inventive composition, kit and nucleic chip for diagnosing colorectal cancer makes it possible to diagnose colorectal cancer at an early transformation stage, thus enabling the early diagnosis of colorectal cancer. In addition, the inventive method enables colorectal cancer to be effectively diagnosed in an accurate and rapid manner compared to conventional methods.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to a method for detecting the methylation of colorectal cancer-specific methylation marker genes for colorectal cancer diagnosis, and more particularly to a method of detecting colorectal cancer-specific marker genes, which are methylated specifically in colorectal cancer cells, to provide information for diagnosing colorectal cancer.

BACKGROUND ART

Even at the present time when medical science has advanced, the 5-year survival rate of cancer patients, particularly solid tumor patients (other than blood cancer patients) is less than 50%, and about ⅔ of all cancer patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage and almost all die within 2 years after cancer diagnosis. Such poor results in cancer therapy are not only the problem of therapeutic methods, but also due to the fact that it not easy to diagnose cancer at an early stage and to accurately diagnose advanced cancer and to carry out the follow-up of cancer patients after cancer therapy.

In current clinical practice, the diagnosis of cancer is confirmed by performing tissue biopsy after history taking, physical examination and clinical assessment, followed by radiographic testing and endoscopy if cancer is suspected. However, the diagnosis of cancer by the existing clinical practices is possible only when the number of cancer cells is more than a billion and the diameter of cancer is more than 1 cm. In this case, the cancer cells already have metastatic ability, and at least half thereof have already metastasized. Meanwhile, tumor markers for monitoring substances that are directly or indirectly produced from cancers are used in cancer screening, but they cause confusion due to limitations in accuracy, since up to about half thereof appear normal even in the presence of cancer, and they often appear positive even in the absence of cancer. Furthermore, the anticancer agents that are mainly used in cancer therapy have the problem that they show an effect only when the volume of cancer is small.

The reason why the diagnosis and treatment of cancer are difficult is that cancer cells are highly complex and variable. Cancer cells grow excessively and continuously, invading surrounding tissue and metastasize to distal organs leading to death. Despite the attack of an immune mechanism or anticancer therapy, cancer cells survive, continually develop, and cell groups that are most suitable for survival selectively propagate. Cancer cells are living bodies with a high degree of viability, which occur by the mutation of a large number of genes. In order that one cell is converted to a cancer cell and developed to a malignant cancer lump that is detectable in clinics, the mutation of a large number of genes must occur. Thus, in order to diagnose and treat cancer at the root, approaches at a gene level are necessary.

Recently, genetic analysis has been actively attempted to diagnose cancer. The simplest typical method is to detect the presence of ABL: BCR fusion genes (the genetic characteristic of leukemia) in blood by PCR. The method has an accuracy rate of more than 95%, and after the diagnosis and therapy of chronic myelocytic leukemia using this simple and easy genetic analysis, this method is being used for the assessment of the result and follow-up study. However, this method has the deficiency that it can be applied only to some blood cancers.

Furthermore, another method has been attempted, in which the presence of genes expressed by cancer cells is detected by RT-PCR and blotting, thereby diagnosing cancer cells present in blood cells. However, this method has shortcomings in that it can be applied only to some cancers, including prostate cancer and melanoma, has a high false positive rate. In addition, it is difficult to standardize detection and reading in this method, and its utility is also limited (Kopreski, M. S. et al., Clin. Cancer Res., 5:1961, 1999; Miyashiro, I. et al., Clin. Chem., 47:505, 2001).

Recently, genetic testing that uses a DNA in serum or blood plasma has been actively attempted. This is a method of detecting a cancer-related gene that is isolated from cancer cells and released into blood and present in the form of a free DNA in serum. It is found that the concentration of DNA in serum is increased by a factor of 5-10 times in actual cancer patients as compared to that of normal persons, and such increased DNA is released mostly from cancer cells. The analysis of cancer-specific gene abnormalities, such as the mutation, deletion and functional loss of oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes, using such DNAs isolated from cancer cells, allows the diagnosis of cancer. In this effort, there has been an active attempt to diagnose lung cancer, head and neck cancer, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, and liver cancer by examining the promoter methylation of mutated K-Ras oncogenes, p53 tumor-suppressor genes and p16 genes in serum, and the labeling and instability of microsatellite (Chen, X. Q. et al., Clin. Cancer Res., 5:2297, 1999; Esteller, M. et al., Cancer Res., 59:67, 1999; Sanchez-Cespedes, M. et al., Cancer Res., 60:892, 2000; Sozzi, G. et al., Clin. Cancer Res., 5:2689, 1999).

Meanwhile, in samples other than blood, the DNA of cancer cells can also be detected. A method has been attempted in which the presence of cancer cells or oncogenes in sputum or bronchoalveolar lavage of lung cancer patients is detected by a gene or antibody test (Palmisano, W. A. et al., Cancer Res., 60:5954, 2000; Sueoka, E. et al., Cancer Res., 59:1404, 1999). Additionally, other methods of detecting the presence of oncogenes in feces of colon and rectal cancer patients (Ahlquist, D. A. et al., Gastroenterol., 119:1219-27, 2000) and detecting promoter methylation abnormalities in urine and prostate fluid (Goessl, C. et al., Cancer Res., 60:5941, 2000) have been attempted. However, in order to accurately diagnose cancers that cause a large number of gene abnormalities and show various mutations characteristic of each cancer, a method in which a large number of genes are simultaneously analyzed in an accurate and automatic manner is required. However, such a method has not yet been established.

Accordingly, methods of diagnosing cancer by measuring DNA methylation have recently been proposed. When the promoter CpG island of a certain gene is hyper-methylated, the expression of such a gene is silenced. This is interpreted to be a main mechanism by which the function of this gene is lost even when there is no mutation in the protein-coding sequence of the gene in a living body. In addition, this is analyzed as a factor by which the function of a number of tumor-suppressor genes in human cancer is lost. Thus, analysis of the methylation of the promoter CpG island of tumor-suppressor genes is very helpful in cancer research. An active attempt has been made to analyze the methylation of the promoter CpG island by methods such as methylation-specific PCR (hereinafter, referred to as “MSP”) or automatic base sequencing and to use the analysis results for the diagnosis and screening of cancer.

A significant number of diseases are caused by genetic abnormalities, and the most frequent form of genetic abnormality is a change in the coding sequence of a gene. This genetic change is referred to as mutation. When any gene has a mutation, the structure and function of a protein encoded by the gene change, resulting in abnormalities and deletions, and this mutant protein causes disease. However, an abnormality in the expression of a specific gene can cause disease even in the absence of a mutation in the gene. A typical example thereof is methylation in which a methyl group is attached to the transcription regulatory region of a gene, that is, the cytosine base of the promoter CpG islands, and in this case, the expression of the gene is silenced. This is known as epigenetic change. This is transmitted to offspring and results in the loss of the expression of the relevant protein in the same manner as mutation. Most typically, the expression of tumor suppressor genes is silenced by the methylation of promoter CpG islands in cancer cells, resulting in carcinogenesis (Robertson, K. D. et al., Carcinogensis, 21:461, 2000).

For the accurate diagnosis of cancer, it is important to detect not only a mutated gene but also a mechanism by which the mutation of this gene occurs. Previously, studies were conducted focusing on mutations in a coding sequence, i.e., micro-changes, such as point mutations, deletions and insertions, or macroscopic chromosomal abnormalities. However, in recent years, epigenetic changes were reported to be as important as these mutations, and a typical example of the epigenetic changes is the methylation of promoter CpG islands.

In the genomic DNA of mammal cells, there is the fifth base in addition to A, C, G and T, namely, 5-methylcytosine, in which a methyl group is attached to the fifth carbon of the cytosine ring (5-mC). 5-mC is always attached only to the C of a CG dinucleotide (5′-mCG-3′), which is frequently marked CpG. The C of CpG is mostly methylated by attachment with a methyl group. The methylation of this CpG inhibits a repetitive sequence in genomes, such as Alu or transposon, from being expressed. In addition, this CpG is a site where an epigenetic change in mammalian cells appears most often. The 5-mC of this CpG is naturally deaminated to T, and thus, the CpG in mammal genomes shows only 1% of frequency, which is much lower than a normal frequency (¼×¼=6.25%).

Regions in which CpG are exceptionally integrated are known as CpG islands. The CpG islands refer to sites which are 0.2-3 kb in length, and have a C+G content of more than 50% and a CpG ratio of more than 3.75%. There are about 45,000 CpG islands in the human genome, and they are mostly found in promoter regions regulating the expression of genes. Actually, the CpG islands occur in the promoters of housekeeping genes accounting for about 50% of human genes (Cross, S. et al., Curr. Opin. Gene Develop., 5:309, 1995).

In the meantime, in the somatic cells of normal persons, the CpG islands of such housekeeping gene promoter sites are un-methylated, but imprinted genes and the genes on inactivated X chromosomes are methylated such that they are not expressed during development.

During a cancer-causing process, methylation is found in promoter CpG islands, and the restriction on the corresponding gene expression occurs. Particularly, if methylation occurs in the promoter CpG islands of tumor-suppressor genes that regulate cell cycle or apoptosis, restore DNA, are involved in the adhesion of cells and the interaction between cells, and/or suppress cell invasion and metastasis, such methylation blocks the expression and function of such genes in the same manner as the mutations of a coding sequence, thereby promoting the development and progression of cancer. In addition, partial methylation also occurs in the CpG islands according to aging.

An interesting fact is that, in the case of genes whose mutations are attributed to the development of cancer in congenital cancer but do not occur in acquired cancer, the methylation of promoter CpG islands occurs instead of mutation. Typical examples include the promoter methylation of genes, such as acquired renal cancer VHL (von Hippel Lindau), breast cancer BRCA1, colorectal cancer MLH1, and stomach cancer E-CAD. In addition, in about half of all cancers, the promoter methylation of p16 or the mutation of Rb occurs, and the remaining cancers show the mutation of p53 or the promoter methylation of p73, p 14 and the like.

An important fact is that an epigenetic change caused by promoter methylation causes a genetic change (i.e., the mutation of a coding sequence), and the development of cancer is progressed by the combination of such genetic and epigenetic changes. In a MLH1 gene as an example, there is the circumstance in which the function of one allele of the MLH1 gene in colorectal cancer cells is lost due to its mutation or deletion, and the remaining one allele does not function due to promoter methylation. In addition, if the function of MLH1, which is a DNA restoring gene, is lost due to promoter methylation, the occurrence of mutation in other important genes is facilitated to promote the development of cancer.

Most cancers show three common characteristics with respect to CpG, namely, hypermethylation of the promoter CpG islands of tumor-suppressor genes, hypomethylation of the remaining CpG base sites, and an increase in the activity of methylation enzyme, namely, DNA cytosine methyltransferase (DNMT) (Singal, R. & Ginder, G. D., Blood, 93:4059, 1999; Robertson, K. et al., Carcinogensis, 21:461, 2000; Malik, K. & Brown, K. W., Brit. J. Cancer, 83:1583, 2000).

When promoter CpG islands are methylated, the reason why the expression of the corresponding genes is blocked is not clearly established, but is presumed to be because a methyl CpG-binding protein (MECP) or a methyl CpG-binding domain protein (MBD), and histone deacetylase, bind to methylated cytosine, thereby causing a change in the chromatin structure of chromosomes and a change in histone protein.

It is unsettled whether the methylation of promoter CpG islands directly causes the development of cancer or is a secondary change after the development of cancer. However, it is clear that the promoter methylation of tumor-related genes is an important index to cancer, and thus can be used in many applications, including the diagnosis and early detection of cancer, the prediction of the risk of the development of cancer, the prognosis of cancer, follow-up examination after treatment, and the prediction of a response to anticancer therapy. Recently, an attempt to examine the promoter methylation of tumor-related genes in blood, sputum, saliva, feces or urine and to use the examined results for the diagnosis and treatment of various cancers, has been actively conducted (Esteller, M. et al., Cancer Res., 59:67, 1999; Sanchez-Cespedez, M. et al., Cancer Res., 60:892, 2000; Ahlquist, D. A. et al., Gastroenterol., 119:1219, 2000).

In order to maximize the accuracy of cancer diagnosis using promoter methylation, analyze the development of cancer according to each stage and discriminate a change according to cancer and aging, an examination that can accurately analyze the methylation of all the cytosine bases of promoter CpG islands is required. Currently, a standard method for this examination is a bisulfite genome-sequencing method, in which a sample DNA is treated with sodium bisulfite, and all regions of the CpG islands of a target gene to be examined is amplified by PCR, and then, the base sequence of the amplified regions is analyzed. However, this examination has the problem that there are limitations to the number of genes or samples that can be examined at a given time. Other problems are that automation is difficult, and much time and expense are required.

In the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, the MD Anderson Cancer Center, Charité-Universitatsmedizin Berlin, etc., studies on promoter methylation of cancer-related genes have been actively conducted. The fundamental data thus obtained are interchanged through the DNA Methylation Society (DMS) and stored in MethDB (http://www.methdb.de). Meanwhile, EpiGenX Pharmaceuticals, Inc. is now developing therapeutic agents associated with the methylation of CpG islands, and Epigenomics, Inc. is now conducting studies to apply promoter methylation to cancer diagnosis by examining the promoter methylation using various techniques, such as DNA chips and MALDI-TOF.

Accordingly, the present inventors have made extensive efforts to develop an effective colorectal-cancer-specific methylation marker which makes it possible to diagnose cancer and the risk of carcinogenesis at an early stage and predict cancer prognosis. As a result, the present inventors have found that SDC2 (NM_(—)002998, Syndecan 2), SIM1 (NM_(—)05068, Single-minded homolog 1 (Drosophila) and SORCS3 (NM_(—)014978, Sortilin-related VPS10 domain containing receptor 3) genes are methylated specifically in colorectal cancer cells and that colorectal cancer can be diagnosed by measuring the degree of methylation using these genes as biomarkers, thereby completing the present invention.

DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION

It is a main object of the present invention to provide a colorectal cancer-specific methylation biomarker, which is methylated specifically in colorectal cancer cells and can be effectively used for diagnosis of colorectal cancer, as well as the use thereof for providing information for diagnosing colorectal cancer at an early stage.

Another object of the present invention is to a method for detecting the methylation of SDC2 (NM_(—)002998, Syndecan 2), SIM1 (NM_(—)05068, Single-minded homolog 1 (Drosophila) and SORCS3 (NM_(—)014978, Sortilin-related VPS10 domain containing receptor 3) genes, which are colorectal cancer-specific methylation biomarkers, and a kit and nucleic acid chip for diagnosing colorectal cancer using the same.

To achieve the above objects, the present invention provides a method of detecting the methylation of colorectal cancer-specific methylation marker genes for colorectal cancer diagnosis, the method comprising the steps of:

(a) preparing a clinical sample containing DNA; and

(b) detecting the methylation of either the CpG island of at least one gene of the following genes or the CpG island of the promoter of the at least one gene in the DNA of the clinical sample:

(i) SDC2 (NM_(—)002998, Syndecan 2);

(ii) SIM1 (NM_(—)05068, Single-minded homolog 1 (Drosophila); and

(iii) SORCS3 (NM_(—)014978, Sortilin-related VPS10 domain containing receptor 3).

The present invention also provides a composition for diagnosing colorectal cancer, which contains either the CpG island of at least one gene of the following genes or the CpG island of the promoter of the at least one gene:

(i) SDC2 (NM_(—)002998, Syndecan 2);

(ii) SIM1 (NM_(—)05068, Single-minded homolog 1 (Drosophila); and

(iii) SORCS3 (NM_(—)014978, Sortilin-related VPS10 domain containing receptor 3).

The present invention provides a method of diagnosing colorectal cancer by detecting the methylation of a colorectal cancer-specific methylation marker gene, the method comprising the steps of:

(a) preparing a clinical sample containing DNA; and

(b) diagnosing the clinical sample as colorectal cancer or a colorectal cancer progression stage, if either the CpG island of at least one gene of the following genes or the CpG island of the promoter of the at least one gene is detected as being methylated in the DNA of the clinical sample:

(i) SDC2 (NM_(—)002998, Syndecan 2);

(ii) SIM1 (NM_(—)05068, Single-minded homolog 1 (Drosophila); and

(iii) SORCS3 (NM_(—)014978, Sortilin-related VPS10 domain containing receptor 3).

The present invention also provides the use of either the CpG island of at least one gene of the following genes or the CpG island of the promoter of the at least one gene for diagnosis of colorectal cancer:

(i) SDC2 (NM_(—)002998, Syndecan 2);

(ii) SIM1 (NM_(—)05068, Single-minded homolog 1 (Drosophila); and

(iii) SORCS3 (NM_(—)014978, Sortilin-related VPS10 domain containing receptor 3).

The present invention also provides a kit for diagnosing colorectal cancer, which contains: a PCR primer pair for amplifying a fragment comprising either the CpG island of at least one gene of the following genes or the CpG island of the promoter of the at least one gene; and

a sequencing primer for pyrosequencing a PCR product amplified by the primer pair:

(i) SDC2 (NM_(—)002998, Syndecan 2);

(ii) SIM1 (NM_(—)05068, Single-minded homolog 1 (Drosophila); and

(iii) SORCS3 (NM_(—)014978, Sortilin-related VPS10 domain containing receptor 3).

The present invention also provides a nucleic acid chip for diagnosing colorectal cancer, which has immobilized thereon a probe which is capable of hybridizing with a fragment comprising either the CpG island of at least one gene of the following genes or the CpG island of the promoter of the at least one gene under strict conditions:

(i) SDC2 (NM_(—)002998, Syndecan 2);

(ii) SIM1 (NM_(—)05068, Single-minded homolog 1 (Drosophila); and

(iii) SORCS3 (NM_(—)014978, Sortilin-related VPS10 domain containing receptor 3).

Other features and embodiments of the present invention will be more apparent from the following detailed descriptions and the appended claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing a process of discovering a methylation biomarker from the urine cells of a normal person and a colorectal cancer patient by a CpG microassay.

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing a process of screening colorectal cancer-specific hypermethylated genes from the microarray data of colorectal cancer.

FIG. 3 is a graphic diagram showing the results of measuring the degree of methylation of 7 biomarker candidate genes in a colorectal cancer cell line and the colorectal tissues of normal persons by pyrosequencing.

FIG. 4 is a graphic diagram showing the results of measuring the degrees of methylation of three methylation biomarkers in colorectal cancer tissue and adjacent normal tissue by pyrosequencing.

FIG. 5 is a graphic diagram showing the results of measuring the sensitivity and specificity of three methylation biomarkers for colorectal cancer by ROC curve analysis in order to evaluate the ability of the biomarkers to diagnose colorectal cancer.

FIG. 6 shows the results of verifying the methylation of a SDC2 biomarker gene in the fecal tissues of normal persons and colorectal cancer patients by methylation-specific PCR (Circles: methylation-specific PCR products).

BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which the invention pertains. Generally, the nomenclature used herein are well known and are commonly employed in the art.

The present invention is characterized in that the CpG islands of SDC2 (NM_(—)002998, Syndecan 2), SIM1 (NM_(—)05068, Single-minded homolog 1 (Drosophila) and SORCS3 (NM_(—)014978, Sortilin-related VPS10 domain containing receptor 3) genes, which are methylated specifically in colorectal cancer cells, are used as biomarkers.

In one aspect, the present invention is directed to a composition for diagnosing colorectal cancer, which contains either the CpG island of at least one gene of the following genes or the CpG island of the promoter of the at least one gene:

(i) SDC2 (NM_(—)002998, Syndecan 2);

(ii) SIM1 (NM_(—)05068, Single-minded homolog 1 (Drosophila); and

(iii) SORCS3 (NM_(—)014978, Sortilin-related VPS10 domain containing receptor 3).

In the present invention, the CpG islands may be located in the intron region of the genes. Herein, the intron region of the SDC2 gene may be located between +681 and +1800 nucleotides (nt) from the transcription start site and may comprise a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. In addition, the intron region of the SORCS3 gene may be located between +851 and +2000 nucleotides (nt) from the transcription start site and may comprise a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3.

Moreover, the CpG islands may be located in the promoter region of the genes. Herein, the promoter region of the SIM1 gene may be located between −1500 and −501 nucleotides (nt) from the transcription start site and may comprise a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2.

In the present invention, 7 biomarker candidate genes showing the greatest difference in the degree of methylation between normal persons and colorectal cancer patients were screened, and among these genes, SDC2, SIM1 and SORCS3 genes were confirmed for diagnosis of colorectal cancer. A method for screening methylation marker genes according to the present invention comprises the steps of: (a) isolating genomic DNAs from transformed cells and non-transformed cells; (b) reacting the isolated genomic DNAs with a methylated DNA-binding protein, thereby isolating methylated DNAs; and (c) amplifying the methylated DNAs, hybridizing the amplified DNAs to a CpG microarray, and then selecting genes showing the greatest difference in the degree of methylation between the normal cells and the cancer cells, thereby ensuring methylation marker genes.

The above method for screening biomarker genes can find genes which are differentially methylated in colorectal cancer as well as at various dysplasic stages of the tissue that progresses to colorectal cancer. The screened genes can be used for colorectal cancer screening, risk-assessment, prognosis, disease identification, the diagnosis of disease stages, and the selection of therapeutic targets.

The identification of genes that are methylated in colorectal cancer and abnormalities at various stages of colorectal cancer makes it possible to diagnose colorectal cancer at an early stage in an accurate and effective manner and allows methylation profiling of multiple genes and the identification of new targets for therapeutic intervention. Furthermore, the methylation data according to the present invention may be combined with other non-methylation related biomarker detection methods to obtain a more accurate system for colorectal cancer diagnosis.

According to the method of the present invention, the progression of colorectal cancer at various stages or phases can be diagnosed by determining the methylation stage of one or more nucleic acid biomarkers obtained from a sample. By comparing the methylation stage of a nucleic acid isolated from a sample at each stage of colorectal cancer with the methylation stage of one or more nucleic acids isolated from a sample in which there is no cell proliferative disorder of colorectal tissue, a specific stage of colorectal cancer in the sample can be detected. Herein, the methylation stage may be hypermethylation.

In one embodiment of the present invention, nucleic acid may be methylated in the regulatory region of a gene. In another embodiment, a gene which is involved in cell transformation can be diagnosed at an early stage by detecting methylation outside of the regulatory region of the gene, because methylation proceeds inwards from the outside of the gene.

In yet another embodiment of the present invention, cells that are likely to form colorectal cancer can be diagnosed at an early stage using the methylation marker genes. When genes confirmed to be methylated in cancer cells are methylated in cells that appear normal clinically or morphologically, this indicates that the normally appearing cells progress to cancer. Thus, colorectal cancer can be diagnosed at an early stage by detecting the methylation of colorectal cancer-specific genes in cells that appear normal.

The use of the methylation marker gene of the present invention allows for detection of a cellular proliferative disorder (dysplasia) of colorectal tissue in a sample. The detection method comprises bringing a sample comprising at least one nucleic acid isolated from a subject into contact with at least one agent capable of determining the methylation state of the nucleic acid. The method comprises detecting the methylation of at least one region in at least one nucleic acid, wherein the methylation of the nucleic acid differs from the methylation state of the same region of a nucleic acid present in a sample in which there is no abnormal growth (dysplastic progression) of colorectal cells.

In yet another embodiment of the present invention, the likelihood of progression of tissue to colorectal cancer can be evaluated by examining the methylation of a gene which is specifically methylated in colorectal cancer, and determining the methylation frequency of tissue that is likely to progress to colorectal cancer.

Thus, in another aspect, the present invention is directed to a method for detecting the methylation of colorectal cancer-specific methylation marker genes for colorectal cancer diagnosis, the method comprising the steps of:

(a) preparing a clinical sample containing DNA; and

(b) detecting the methylation of either the CpG island of at least one gene of the following genes or the CpG island of the promoter of the at least one gene in the DNA of the clinical sample:

(i) SDC2 (NM_(—)002998, Syndecan 2);

(ii) SIM1 (NM_(—)05068, Single-minded homolog 1 (Drosophila); and

(iii) SORCS3 (NM_(—)014978, Sortilin-related VPS10 domain containing receptor 3).

In the present invention, step (b) may be performed by detecting the methylation of the CpG island in the intron region of the gene. Herein, the intron region of the SDC2 gene may be located between +681 and +1800 nucleotides (nt) from the transcription start site and may comprise a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. In addition, the intron region of the SORCS3 gene may be located between +851 and +2000 nucleotides (nt) from the transcription start site and may comprise a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3.

Moreover, the CpG islands may be located in the promoter region of the genes. Herein, the promoter region of the SIM1 gene may be located between −1500 and −501 nucleotides (nt) from the transcription start site and may comprise a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2.

In the present invention, step (b) may be performed by a method selected from the group consisting of PCR, methylation-specific PCR, real-time methylation-specific PCR, PCR assay using a methylation DNA-specific binding protein, quantitative PCR, DNA chip-based assay, pyrosequencing, and bisulfate sequencing. In addition, the clinical sample may be selected from the group consisting of a tissue, cell, blood, blood plasma, feces, and urine from a patient suspected of cancer or a subject to be diagnosed, but is not limited thereto.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the method for detecting the methylation of a gene may comprise: (a) preparing a clinical sample containing DNA; (b) isolating DNA from the clinical sample; (c) amplifying the isolated DNA using primers capable of amplifying a fragment comprising the CpG island of the promoter or intron of any one or more of SDC2, SIM1 and SORCS3 genes; and (d) determining whether the intron was methylated based on whether the DNA was amplified in step (c).

In another embodiment of the present invention, a cellular proliferative disorder (dysplasia) of colorectal tissue in a sample can be diagnosed by detecting the methylation state of the following genes using a kit:

(i) SDC2 (NM_(—)002998, Syndecan 2);

(ii) SIM1 (NM_(—)05068, Single-minded homolog 1 (Drosophila); and

(iii) SORCS3 (NM_(—)014978, Sortilin-related VPS10 domain containing receptor 3).

Thus, in still another aspect, the present invention is directed to a kit for diagnosing colorectal cancer, which contains: a PCR primer pair for amplifying a fragment comprising either the CpG island of at least one gene of the following genes or the CpG island of the promoter of the at least one gene; and

a sequencing primer for pyrosequencing a PCR product amplified by the primer pair:

(i) SDC2 (NM_(—)002998, Syndecan 2);

(ii) SIM1 (NM_(—)05068, Single-minded homolog 1 (Drosophila); and

(iii) SORCS3 (NM_(—)014978, Sortilin-related VPS10 domain containing receptor 3).

In the present invention, the PCR primer pair may be selected from the group consisting of a primer pair of SEQ ID NOS: 12 and 13, a primer pair of SEQ ID NO: 14 and 15, and a primer pair of SEQ ID NOS: 16 and 17.

In the present invention, the sequencing primer may be selected from the group consisting of primers of SEQ ID NOS: 22 to 24.

In another embodiment of the present invention, cellular proliferative disorder (dysplasia) of colorectal tissue cells in a sample can be diagnosed by detecting the methylation state of the following genes using a nucleic acid chip.

Thus, in yet another aspect, the present invention is directed to a nucleic acid chip for diagnosing colorectal cancer, which has immobilized thereon a probe which is capable of hybridizing with a fragment comprising either the CpG island of at least one gene of the following genes or the CpG island of the promoter of the at least one gene under strict conditions:

(i) SDC2 (NM_(—)002998, Syndecan 2);

(ii) SIM1 (NM_(—)05068, Single-minded homolog 1 (Drosophila); and

(iii) SORCS3 (NM_(—)014978, Sortilin-related VPS10 domain containing receptor 3).

In the present invention, the CpG islands may be located in the intron region of the genes. Herein, the intron region of the SDC2 gene may be located between +681 and +1800 nucleotides (nt) from the transcription start site and may comprise a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. In addition, the intron region of the SORCS3 gene may be located between +851 and +2000 nucleotides (nt) from the transcription start site and may comprise a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3. Moreover, the CpG islands may be located in the promoter region of the genes. Herein, the promoter region of the SIM1 gene may be located between −1500 and −501 nucleotides (nt) from the transcription start site and may comprise a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2.

In the present invention, the probe may be selected from the group consisting of the base sequences shown by SEQ ID NOS: 33 to 44, and specific examples thereof are as follows.

SDC2 (SEQ ID NO: 33) 1) 5′-tgggtcgggc ccgcgaggga acggc-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 34) 2) 5′-ggggggagcc tgggtcgggc ccgcgaggga acggctccac-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 35) 3) 5′-tcgccctcgg cgggtcttgc tgcgtggtct gggaaggacg gaggggaaag-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 36) 4) 5′-ggggtccctt cctccgcaca ccatcccccc cgcgccagct ttcctgtttg  actgcatgca agttctgggg agatgggggc cagatttaag agacccgcga-3′ SIM1 (SEQ ID NO: 37) 1) 5′-gatgggcgcc cccgaaacct ctgcc-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 38) 2) 5′-gccccgcgcc cgcccagcag ccccgcagct ccgcggtggt-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 39) 3) 5′-gggaagcgga gaggccggcg gtgtcgctgg gttggacggt aggcatgaga-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 40) 4) 5′-gggaagcgga gaggccggcg gtgtcgctgg gttggacggt aggcatgaga  acagttaaga gatgggcgcc cccgaaacct ctgccgcttg tggggactga-3′ SORCS3 (SEQ ID NO: 41) 1) 5′-cgagaggtgg cgtcgttgag cccgg-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 42) 2) 5′-cgtcgttgag cccggtctgg cctactccgg cattccgaac-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 43) 3) 5′-cgagaggtgg cgtcgttgag cccggtctgg cctactccgg cattccgaac-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 44) 4) 5′-cgtcgttgag cccggtctgg cctactccgg cattccgaac tgggcgcccg  actgagcatc gcgcctgcct ggcagctgca gcggcccgca gcgcgtgccc ggaggggctc-3′

The use of the diagnostic kit or nucleic acid chip of the present invention makes it possible to determine the abnormal growth (dysplastic progression) of colorectal tissue cells in a sample. The method comprises determining the methylation state of at least one nucleic acid isolated from a sample, wherein the methylation state of the at least one nucleic acid is compared with the methylation stage of a nucleic acid isolated from a sample in which there is no abnormal growth (dysplastic progression) of colorectal cells.

In another embodiment of the present invention, transformed colorectal cancer cells can be detected by examining the methylation of the marker gene using said kit or nucleic acid chip.

In still another embodiment of the present invention, colorectal cancer can be diagnosed by examining the methylation of the marker gene using said kit or nucleic acid chip.

In yet another embodiment of the present invention, the likelihood of progression to colorectal cancer can be diagnosed by examining the methylation of the marker gene in a sample showing a normal phenotype using said kit or nucleic acid chip. The sample that is used in the present invention may be solid or liquid tissue, cells, feces, urine, serum, or blood plasma.

Major terms which are used herein are defined as follows.

As used herein, the term “cell transformation” refers to the change in characteristics of a cell from one form to another form such as from normal to abnormal, non-tumorous to tumorous, undifferentiated to differentiated, stem cell to non-stem cell. In addition, the transformation can be recognized by the morphology, phenotype, biochemical characteristics and the like of a cell.

As used herein, the term “early detection” of cancer refers to discovering the likelihood of cancer prior to metastasis, and preferably before observation of a morphological change in a tissue or cell. Furthermore, the term “early detection” of cell transformation refers to the high probability of a cell to undergo transformation in its early stages before the cell is morphologically designated as being transformed.

As used herein, the term “hypermethylation” refers to the methylation of a CpG island.

As used herein, the term “sample” or “clinical sample” is referred to in its broadest sense, and includes any biological sample obtained from an individual, body fluid, a cell line, a tissue culture, depending on the type of assay that is to be performed. Methods for obtaining tissue biopsies and body fluids from mammals are well known in the art. A tissue biopsy of the colorectal is a preferred source.

Colorectal Cancer Biomarker—Use in Cancer Cells for Comparison with Normal Cells

In the present invention, “normal” cells refer to those that do not show any abnormal morphological or cytological changes. “Tumor” cells are cancer cells. “Non-tumor” cells are those cells that are part of the diseased tissue but are not considered to be the tumor portion.

In one aspect, the present invention is based on the discovery of the relationship between colorectal cancer and the hypermethylation of SDC2 (NM_(—)002998, Syndecan 2), SIM1 (NM_(—)05068, Single-minded homolog 1 (Drosophila) and SORCS3 (NM_(—)014978, Sortilin-related VPS10 domain containing receptor 3) genes.

In another embodiment of the present invention, a cellular proliferative disorder of colorectal tissue cell can be diagnosed at an early stage by determining the methylation stage of at least one nucleic acid from a subject using the kit or nucleic acid chip of the present invention. Herein, the methylation stage of the at least one nucleic acid may be compared with the methylation state of at least one nucleic acid isolated from a subject not having a cellular proliferative disorder of colorectal tissue. The nucleic acid is preferably a CpG-containing nucleic acid such as a CpG island.

In another embodiment of the present invention, a cellular proliferative disorder of colorectal tissue can be diagnosed by determining the methylation of at least one nucleic acid from a subject using the kit or nucleic acid chip of the present invention. Herein, the nucleic acid may be at least one selected from among SDC2 (NM_(—)002998, Syndecan 2) gene, SIM1 (NM_(—)05068, Single-minded homolog 1 (Drosophila) gene, SORCS3 (NM_(—)014978, Sortilin-related VPS10 domain containing receptor 3) gene, and combinations thereof. In this embodiment, the methylation of the at least one nucleic acid may be compared with the methylation state of at least one nucleic acid isolated from a subject having no predisposition to a cellular proliferative disorder of colorectal tissue.

As used herein, “predisposition” refers to the property of being susceptible to a cellular proliferative disorder. A subject having a predisposition to a cellular proliferative disorder has no cellular proliferative disorder, but is a subject having an increased likelihood of having a cellular proliferative disorder.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a method for diagnosing a cellular proliferative disorder of colorectal tissue, the method comprising brining a sample comprising a nucleic acid into contact with an agent capable of determining the methylation state of the sample, and determining the methylation of at least one region of the at least one nucleic acid. Herein, the methylation of the at least one region in the at least one nucleic acid differs from the methylation stage of the same region in a nucleic acid present in a subject in which there is no abnormal growth of cells.

The method of the present invention comprises a step of determining the methylation of at least one region of at least one nucleic acid isolated from a subject.

The term “nucleic acid” or “nucleic acid sequence” as used herein refers to an oligonucleotide, nucleotide or polynucleotide, or fragments thereof, or single-stranded or double-stranded DNA or RNA of genomic or synthetic origin, sense- or antisense-strand DNA or RNA of genomic or synthetic origin, peptide nucleic acid (PNA), or any DNA-like or RNA-like material of natural or synthetic origin. It will apparent to those of skill in the art that, when the nucleic acid is RNA, the deoxynucleotides A, G, C, and T are replaced by the ribonucleotides A, G, C, and U, respectively.

Any nucleic acid may be used in the present invention, given the presence of differently methylated CpG islands can be detected therein. The CpG island is a CpG-rich region in a nucleic acid sequence.

Methylation

In the present invention, any nucleic acid sample, in purified or nonpurified form, can be used, provided it contains or is suspected of containing a nucleic acid sequence containing a target locus (e.g., CpG-containing nucleic acid). One nucleic acid region capable of being differentially methylated is a CpG island, a sequence of nucleic acid with an increased density relative to other nucleic acid regions of the dinucleotide CpG. The CpG doublet occurs in vertebrate DNA at only about 20% of the frequency that would be expected from the proportion of G*C base pairs. In certain regions, the density of CpG doublets reaches the predicted value; it is increased by ten-fold relative to the rest of the genome. CpG islands have an average G*C content of about 60%, compared with the 40% average in bulk DNA. The islands take the form of stretches of DNA typically about one to two kilobases long. There are about 45,000 islands in the human genome.

In many genes, the CpG islands begin just upstream of a promoter and extend downstream into the transcribed region. Methylation of a CpG island at a promoter usually suppresses expression of the gene. The islands can also surround the 5′ region of the coding region of the gene as well as the 3′ region of the coding region. Thus, CpG islands can be found in multiple regions of a nucleic acid sequence including upstream of coding sequences in a regulatory region including a promoter region, in the coding regions (e.g., exons), downstream of coding regions in, for example, enhancer regions, and in introns.

Typically, the CpG-containing nucleic acid is DNA. However, the inventive method may employ, for example, samples that contain DNA, or DNA and RNA containing mRNA, wherein DNA or RNA may be single-stranded or double-stranded, or a DNA-RNA hybrid may be included in the sample.

A mixture of nucleic acids may also be used. The specific nucleic acid sequence to be detected may be a fraction of a larger molecule or can be present initially as a discrete molecule, so that the specific sequence constitutes the entire nucleic acid. It is not necessary that the sequence to be studied be present initially in a pure form; the nucleic acid may be a minor fraction of a complex mixture, such as contained in whole human DNA. Nucleic acids contained in a sample used for detection of methylated CpG islands may be extracted by a variety of techniques such as that described by Sambrook, et al. (Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989).

Nucleic acids isolated from a subject are obtained in a biological sample from the subject. If it is desired to detect colorectal cancer or stages of colorectal cancer progression, the nucleic acid may be isolated from colorectal tissue by scraping or biopsy. Such samples may be obtained by various medical procedures known to those of skill in the art.

In one aspect of the invention, the state of methylation in nucleic acids of the sample obtained from a subject is hypermethylation compared with the same regions of the nucleic acid in a subject not having a cellular proliferative disorder of colorectal tissue. Hypermethylation as used herein refers to the presence of methylated alleles in one or more nucleic acids. Nucleic acids from a subject not having a cellular proliferative disorder of colorectal tissue contain no detectable methylated alleles when the same nucleic acids are examined.

Individual Genes and Panel

It is understood that the present invention may be practiced using each gene separately as a diagnostic or prognostic marker or a few marker genes combined into a panel display format so that several marker genes may be detected for overall pattern or listing of genes that are methylated to increase reliability and efficiency. Furthermore, any of the genes identified in the present invention may be used individually or as a set of genes in any combination with any of the other genes that are recited herein. Alternatively, genes may be ranked according to their importance and weighted and together with the number of genes that are methylated, a level of likelihood of developing cancer may be assigned. Such algorithms are within the scope of the present invention.

Method for Detection of Methylation

Methylation-Specific PCR

When genomic DNA is treated with bisulfite, cytosine in the 5′-CpG′-3 region remains intact, if it was methylated, but the cytosine changes to uracil, if it was unmethylated. Accordingly, based on the base sequence converted after bisulfite treatment, PCR primer sets corresponding to a region having the 5′-CpG-3′ base sequence are constructed. Herein, the constructed primer sets are two kinds of primer sets: a primer set corresponding to the methylated base sequence, and a primer set corresponding to the unmethylated base sequence. When genomic DNA is converted with bisulfite and then amplified by PCR using the above two kinds of primer sets, the PCR product is detected in the PCR mixture employing the primers corresponding to the methylated base sequence, if the genomic DNA was methylated, but the genomic DNA is detected in the PCR mixture employing the primers corresponding to the unmethylated, if the genomic DNA was unmethylated. This methylation can be quantitatively analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis.

Real-Time Methylation Specific PCR

Real-time methylation-specific PCR is a real-time measurement method modified from the methylation-specific PCR method and comprises treating genomic DNA with bisulfite, designing PCR primers corresponding to the methylated base sequence, and performing real-time PCR using the primers. Methods of detecting the methylation of the genomic DNA include two methods: a method of detection using a TanMan probe complementary to the amplified base sequence; and a method of detection using Sybergreen. Thus, the real-time methylation-specific PCR allows selective quantitative analysis of methylated DNA. Herein, a standard curve is plotted using an in vitro methylated DNA sample, and a gene containing no 5′-CpG-3′ sequence in the base sequence is also amplified as a negative control group for standardization to quantitatively analyze the degree of methylation.

Pyrosequencing

The pyrosequencing method is a quantitative real-time sequencing method modified from the bisulfite sequencing method. Similarly to bisulfite sequencing, genomic DNA is converted by bisulfite treatment, and then, PCR primers corresponding to a region containing no 5′-CpG-3′ base sequence are constructed. Specifically, the genomic DNA is treated with bisulfite, amplified using the PCR primers, and then subjected to real-time base sequence analysis using a sequencing primer. The degree of methylation is expressed as a methylation index by analyzing the amounts of cytosine and thymine in the 5′-CpG-3′ region.

PCR Using Methylated DNA-Specific Binding Protein, Quantitative PCR, and DNA Chip Assay

When a protein binding specifically only to methylated DNA is mixed with DNA, the protein binds specifically only to the methylated DNA. Thus, either PCR using a methylation-specific binding protein or a DNA chip assay allows selective isolation of only methylated DNA. Genomic DNA is mixed with a methylation-specific binding protein, and then only methylated DNA was selectively isolated. The isolated DNA is amplified using PCR primers corresponding to the promoter region, and then methylation of the DNA is measured by agarose gel electrophoresis.

In addition, methylation of DNA can also be measured by a quantitative PCR method, and methylated DNA isolated with a methylated DNA-specific binding protein can be labeled with a fluorescent probe and hybridized to a DNA chip containing complementary probes, thereby measuring methylation of the DNA. Herein, the methylated DNA-specific binding protein may be, but not limited to, McrBt.

Detection of Differential Methylation—Methylation-Sensitive Restriction Endonuclease

Detection of differential methylation can be accomplished by bringing a nucleic acid sample into contact with a methylation-sensitive restriction endonuclease that cleaves only unmethylated CpG sites.

In a separate reaction, the sample is further brought into contact with an isoschizomer of the methylation-sensitive restriction enzyme that cleaves both methylated and unmethylated CpG-sites, thereby cleaving the methylated nucleic acid.

Specific primers are added to the nucleic acid sample, and the nucleic acid is amplified by any conventional method. The presence of an amplified product in the sample treated with the methylation-sensitive restriction enzyme but absence of an amplified product in the sample treated with the isoschizomer of the methylation-sensitive restriction enzyme indicates that methylation has occurred at the nucleic acid region assayed. However, the absence of an amplified product in the sample treated with the methylation-sensitive restriction enzyme together with the absence of an amplified product in the sample treated with the isoschizomer of the methylation-sensitive restriction enzyme indicates that no methylation has occurred at the nucleic acid region assayed.

As used herein, the term “methylation-sensitive restriction enzyme” refers to a restriction enzyme (e.g., SmaI) that includes CG as part of its recognition site and has activity when the C is methylated as compared to when the C is not methylated. Non-limiting examples of methylation-sensitive restriction enzymes include MspI, HpaII, BssHII, BstUI and NotI. Such enzymes can be used alone or in combination. Examples of other methylation-sensitive restriction enzymes include, but are not limited to SacII and EagI.

The isoschizomer of the methylation-sensitive restriction enzyme is a restriction enzyme that recognizes the same recognition site as the methylation-sensitive restriction enzyme but cleaves both methylated and unmethylated CGs. An example thereof includes MspI.

Primers of the present invention are designed to be “substantially” complementary to each strand of the locus to be amplified and include the appropriate G or C nucleotides as discussed above. This means that the primers must be sufficiently complementary to hybridize with their respective strands under polymerization reaction conditions. Primers of the present invention are used in the amplification process, which is an enzymatic chain reaction (e.g., PCR) in which that a target locus exponentially increases through a number of reaction steps. Typically, one primer is homologous with the negative (−) strand of the locus (antisense primer), and the other primer is homologous with the positive (+) strand (sense primer). After the primers have been annealed to denatured nucleic acid, the nucleic acid chain is extended by an enzyme such as DNA Polymerase I (Klenow), and reactants such as nucleotides, and, as a result, + and − strands containing the target locus sequence are newly synthesized. When the newly synthesized target locus is used as a template and subjected to repeated cycles of denaturing, primer annealing, and extension, exponential synthesis of the target locus sequence occurs. The resulting reaction product is a discrete nucleic acid duplex with termini corresponding to the ends of specific primers employed.

The amplification reaction is PCR which is commonly used in the art. However, alternative methods such as real-time PCR or linear amplification using isothermal enzyme may also be used. In addition, multiplex amplification reactions may also be used.

Detection of Differential Methylation—Bisulfate Sequencing Method

Another method for detecting a methylated CpG-containing nucleic acid comprises the steps of: bringing a nucleic acid-containing sample into contact with an agent that modifies unmethylated cytosine; and amplifying the CpG-containing nucleic acid in the sample using CpG-specific oligonucleotide primers, wherein the oligonucleotide primers distinguish between modified methylated nucleic acid and non-methylated nucleic acid and detect the methylated nucleic acid. The amplification step is optional and desirable, but not essential. The method relies on the PCR reaction to distinguish between modified (e.g., chemically modified) methylated DNA and unmethylated DNA. Such methods are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,786,146 relating to bisulfite sequencing for detection of methylated nucleic acid.

Kit

The present invention provides a kit useful for the detection of a cellular proliferative disorder in a subject. The kit of the present invention comprises a carrier means compartmentalized to receive a sample therein, one or more containers comprising a second container containing PCR primers for amplification of a 5′-CpG-3′ base sequence, and a third container containing a sequencing primer for pyrosequencing an amplified PCR product.

Carrier means are suited for containing one or more containers such as vials, tubes, and the like, each of the containers comprising one of the separate elements to be used in the method. In view of the description provided herein of the inventive method, those of skill in the art can readily determine the apportionment of the necessary reagents among the containers.

Substrates

After the target nucleic acid region has been amplified, the nucleic acid amplification product can be hybridized to a known gene probe attached to a solid support (substrate) to detect the presence of the nucleic acid sequence.

As used herein, the term “substrate”, when used in reference to a substance, structure, surface or material, means a composition comprising a nonbiological, synthetic, nonliving, planar or round surface that is not heretofore known to comprise a specific binding, hybridization or catalytic recognition site or a plurality of different recognition sites or a number of different recognition sites which exceeds the number of different molecular species comprising the surface, structure or material. Examples of the substrate include, but are not limited to, semiconductors, synthetic (organic) metals, synthetic semiconductors, insulators and dopants; metals, alloys, elements, compounds and minerals; synthetic, cleaved, etched, lithographed, printed, machined and microfabricated slides, devices, structures and surfaces; industrial polymers, plastics, membranes silicon, silicates, glass, metals and ceramics; and wood, paper, cardboard, cotton, wool, cloth, woven and nonwoven fibers, materials and fabrics; and amphibious surfaces.

It is known in the art that several types of membranes have adhesion to nucleic acid sequences. Specific non-limiting examples of these membranes include nitrocellulose or other membranes used for detection of gene expression such as polyvinylchloride, diazotized paper and other commercially available membranes such as GENESCREEN™, ZETAPROBE™ (Biorad) and NYIRAN™. Beads, glass, wafer and metal substrates are also included. Methods for attaching nucleic acids to these objects are well known in the art. Alternatively, screening can be done in a liquid phase.

Hybridization Conditions

In nucleic acid hybridization reactions, the conditions used to achieve a particular level of stringency will vary depending on the nature of the nucleic acids being hybridized. For example, the length, degree of complementarity, nucleotide sequence composition (e.g., GC/AT content), and nucleic acid type (e.g., RNA/DNA) of the hybridizing regions of the nucleic acids can be considered in selecting hybridization conditions. An additional consideration is whether one of the nucleic acids is immobilized, for example, on a filter.

An example of progressively higher stringency conditions is as follows: 2×SSC/0.1% SDS at room temperature (hybridization conditions); 0.2×SSC/0.1% SDS at room temperature (low stringency conditions); 0.2×SSC/0.1% SDS at 42° C. (moderate stringency conditions); and 0.1×SSC at about 68° C. (high stringency conditions). Washing can be carried out using only one of these conditions, e.g., high stringency conditions, or each of the conditions can be used, e.g., for 10-15 minutes each, in the order listed above, repeating any or all of the steps listed. However, as mentioned above, optimal conditions will vary depending on the particular hybridization reaction involved, and can be determined empirically. In general, conditions of high stringency are used for the hybridization of the probe of interest.

Label

The probe of interest can be detectably labeled, for example, with a radioisotope, a fluorescent compound, a bioluminescent compound, a chemiluminescent compound, a metal chelator, or an enzyme. Appropriate labeling with such probes is widely known in the art and can be performed by any conventional method.

EXAMPLES

Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in further detail with reference to examples. It will be obvious to a person having ordinary skill in the art that these examples are illustrative purposes only and are not to be construed to limit the scope of the present invention.

Example 1 Discovery of Colorectal Cancer-Specific Methylated Genes

In order to screen biomarkers which are methylated specifically in colorectal cancer, 500 ng of each of genomic DNAs from 2 normal persons and genomic DNAs from the cancer tissue and adjacent normal tissue from 12 colorectal cancer patients was sonicated (Vibra Cell, SONICS), thus constructing about 200300-bp-genomic DNA fragments.

To obtain only methylated DNA from the genomic DNA, a methyl binding domain (Methyl binding domain; MBD) (Fraga et al., Nucleic Acid Res., 31: 1765, 2003) known to bind to methylated DNA was used. Specifically, 2 μg of 6×His-tagged MBD2bt was pre-incubated with 500 ng of the genomic DNA of E. coli JM110 (No. 2638, Biological Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology), and then bound to Ni-NTA magnetic beads (Qiagen, USA). 500 ng of each of the sonicated genomic DNAs isolated from the normal persons and the colorectal patient patients was allowed to react with the beads in the presence of binding buffer solution (10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), 50 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM DTT, 3 mM MgCl₂, 0.1% Triton-X100, 5% glycerol, 25 mg/ml BSA) at 4° C. for 20 minutes. Then, the beads were washed three times with 500 μL of a binding buffer solution containing 700 mM NaCl, and then methylated DNA bound to the MBD2bt was isolated using the QiaQuick PCR purification kit (Qiagen, USA).

Then, the methylated DNAs bound to the MBD2bt were amplified using a genomic DNA amplification kit (Sigma, USA, Cat. No. WGA2), and 4 μg of the amplified DNAs were labeled with Cy4 using a BioPrime Total Genomic Labeling system I (Invitrogen Corp., USA). To indirectly compare the degree of methylation between the normal person and the colorectal cancer patient, a reference DNA was constructed. Herein, the reference DNA was constructed by mixing the genomic DNAs from the 12 colorectal cancer patients with each other in the same amount, amplifying the genomic DNA mixture using a genomic DNA amplification kit (Sigma, USA, Cat. No. WGA2), and labeling 4 μg of the amplified genomic DNA with Cy3 using a BioPrime Total Genomic Labeling system I (Invitrogen Corp., USA). The reference DNA was mixed with each of the DNAs of the normal persons and the colorectal cancer patients, and then hybridized to 244K human CpG microarrays (Agilent, USA) (FIG. 1). After the hybridization, the DNA mixture was subjected to a series of washing processes, and then scanned using an Agilent scanner. The calculation of signal values from the microarray images was performed by calculating the relative difference in signal strength between the normal person sample and the colorectal cancer patient sample using Feature Extraction program v. 9.5.3.1 (Agilent).

In order to screen probes having reliable hybridization signals, 64,325 probes having a Cy3 signal value of more than 112.8 in at least 21 arrays among a total of 26 arrays were screened by the cross gene error model using GeneSpring 7.3 program (Agilent, USA). In order to screen probes hypermethylated in colorectal cancer from the above probes, two analysis methods were performed. In the first analysis method, the colorectal tissue of the normal person and the normally appearing tissue adjacent to the colorectal cancer tissue were regarded as the same group, and in order to screen probes showing differential methylation compared to the colorectal cancer tissue, the ANOVA test was performed, thereby screening 4,498 probes (p<0.05). From these probes, 1,560 probes hypermethylated in the colorectal cancer tissue were further screened, and from these probes, 4 biomarker gene candidates (CHST11, IRX5, KCNA1, SDC2, and SORCS3) showing hypermethylation in two or more adjacent probes present within a distance of about 400 bp were selected (FIG. 2). In the second analysis method, in order to discover biomarkers suitable for early diagnosis, the colorectal cancer tissue and the normally appearing tissue adjacent thereto were regarded as the same group, and the ANOVA test was performed, thereby screening 3,242 probes showing differential methylation compared to the colorectal tissue of the normal persons (p<0.01). From the 3,242 probes, 705 probes showing hypermethylation in the colorectal cancer tissue and the normally appearing tissue adjacent thereto were screened. From these screened probes, 6 biomarker candidate genes (CHST11, IRX1, IRX5, KCNA1, SIM1, and SORCS3) showing hypermethylation in two or more adjacent probes present within a distance of about 400 bp were selected (FIG. 2).

Among the biomarker candidate genes selected using the above two analysis methods, 4 genes were confirmed to be common, and thus a total of 7 biomarker candidate genes were secured (Table 1). In addition, the nucleotide sequence corresponding to the probe of each of the 7 genes showing hypermethylation in the CpG microarray was analyzed using MethPrimer (http://itsa.ucsf.edu/˜urolab/methprimer/index1.html), thereby confirming CpG islands in the probes.

TABLE 1 List of methylation biomarker candidate genes for colorectal cancer diagnosis Candidate GenBank genes Probe locations ^(a) No. Description CHST11   +501, +605 NM_018413 carbohydrate (chondroitin 4) sulfotransferase 11 IRX1   +809, +956, NM_024337 iroquois homeobox 1 +1,021, +1,097 IRX5 +2,647, +2,724 NM_005853 iroquois homeobox 5 KCNA1 −1,853, −1,612 NM_000217 potassium voltage-gated channel, shaker-related subfamily, member 1 (episodic ataxia with myokymia) SDC2 +1,168, +1,282 NM_002998 Syndecan 2 SIM1 −1,242, −1,178 NM_005068 single-minded homolog 1 (Drosophila) SORCS3 +1,478, +1,519 NM_014978 sortilin-related VPS10 domain containing receptor 3 ^(a) base pairs (bp) from the transcription start site (+1)

Example 2 Measurement of Methylation of Biomarker Genes in Cancer Cell Lines

In order to additionally confirm the methylation state of the biomarker candidate genes selected in Example 1, pyrosequencing for the promoter and intron region of each gene was performed.

In order to modify unmethylated cytosine to uracil using bisulfite, total genomic DNA was isolated from each of the colorectal cancer cell lines Caco-2 (KCLB No. 30037.1) and HCT116 (KCLB No. 10247), and 200 ng of the genomic DNA was treated with bisulfite using the EZ DNA methylation-gold kit (Zymo Research, USA). When the DNA was treated with bisulfite, unmethylated cytosine was modified to uracil, and the methylated cytosine remained without changes. The DNA treated with bisulfite was eluted in 20 μl of sterile distilled water and subjected to pyrosequencing.

PCR and sequencing primers for performing pyrosequencing for the 7 genes were designed using PSQ assay design program (Biotage, USA). The PCR and sequencing primers for measuring the methylation of each gene are shown in Tables 2 and 3 below.

TABLE 2  PCR primers SEQ Size of ID amplicon Genes Primers Sequences (5′->3′) NOS CpG location^(b) (bp) CHST11 Forward GAGATTATTTTGGTTAATATGG 4 +361, +368, 207 Reverse TTTAAAACRAAATCTCACT 5 +385, +391, +393 IRX1 Forward YGAAAYGGAGTTTATTTTAAGTG 6 +660, +681, 126 Reverse ACRAAACRACCTCTTAAATC 7 +686, +692 IRX5 Forward GGGTTYGGGTTAGGTTTTATAA 8 +2558, +2568, 113 Reverse TAACTCCRCAACATTTTC 9 +2572, +2576 KCNA1 Forward GGGTGGGTTTYGTAGAGAGTAAG 10 −420, −410, 114 Reverse CCTCCRACRAATTTACTTTT 11 −398, −394 SDC2 Forward YGTTTTTYGAGATTAGGGATGATT 12 +1100, +1115, 107 Reverse TCTCCCCAAAACTTACAT 13 +1131, +1133 SIM1 Forward GGTTTTTAATTAGGAATAATAGTG 14 −1024, −1021, 244 Reverse AACRCCCATCTCTTAACT 15 −1015, −1003 SORCS3 Forward GGGTTTTTTTGGATAAGG 16 +1741, +1751, 101 Reverse CAAACRCRATACTCAATC 17 +1754, +1763 ^(a)Y = C or T; R = A or G ^(b)distances (nucleotides) from the transcription start site (+1): the positions of CpG regions on the genomic DNA used in the measurement of methylation

TABLE 3  Sequences of sequencing primers for methylation marker genes Genes Sequences (5′ --> 3′) SEQ ID NOS CHST11 TAGGAGAATGGTGTGAAT 18 IRX1 TCCCTCTTCTCCCTA 19 IRX5 ATTTTAATGGATTAAATTAG 20 KCNA1 TTTTTTGGGGGAGGA 21 SDC2 GGGATGATTTGGAAATT 22 SIM1 CATCTCTTAACTATTCTCATACCT 23 SORCS3 TTTTTTTGGATAAGGATG 24

20 ng of the genomic DNA treated with bisulfite was amplified by PCR. In the PCR amplification, a PCR reaction solution (20 ng of the genomic DNA treated with bisulfite, 5 μl of 10×PCR buffer (Enzynomics, Korea), 5 units of Taq polymerase (Enzynomics, Korea), 4 μl of 2.5 mM dNTP (Solgent, Korea), and 2 μl (10 pmole/μl) of PCR primers) was used, and the PCR reaction was performed under the following conditions: predenaturation at 95° C. for 5 min, and then 45 cycles of denaturation at 95° C. for 40 sec, annealing at 60° C. for 45 sec and extension at 72° C. for 40 sec, followed by final extension at 72° C. for 5 min. The amplification of the PCR product was confirmed by electrophoresis on 2.0% agarose gel.

The amplified PCR product was treated with PyroGold reagents (Biotage, USA), and then subjected to pyrosequencing using the PSQ96MA system (Biotage, USA). After the pyrosequencing, the methylation degree of the DNA was measured by calculating the methylation index. The methylation index was calculated by determining the average rate of cytosine binding to each CpG island.

As described above, the degrees of methylation of the biomarker candidate genes in the colorectal cancer cell lines were measured using the pyrosequencing method. As a result, as can be seen in FIG. 3A, the 7 marker genes were all methylated at high levels in at least one of the cell lines. The 7 genes showed high levels of methylation in the colorectal cancer cell lines, suggesting that these genes are useful as biomarkers for colorectal cancer diagnosis. In order to verify whether these genes are used as biomarkers, the following test additionally performed using a tissue sample.

Example 3 Measurement of Methylation of Biomarker Candidate Genes in Colorectal Tissue of Normal Persons

In order for the 7 biomarker candidate gene to have utility as biomarkers for colorectal cancer diagnosis, these genes should show low levels of methylation in the colorectal tissue of normal persons other than patients, but should show high levels of methylation in colorectal cancer tissue.

To verify whether these genes satisfy these requirements, genomic DNA was isolated from two normal person's colorectal tissues (Biochain) using the QIAamp DNA mini-kit (QIAGEN, USA), and 200 ng of the isolated genomic DNA was treated with bisulfite using the EZ DNA methylation-gold kit (Zymo Research, USA). The treated DNA was eluted in 20 μl of sterile distilled water and subjected to pyrosequencing.

20 ng of the genomic DNA treated with bisulfite was amplified by PCR. In the PCR amplification, a PCR reaction solution (20 ng of the genomic DNA treated with bisulfite, 5 μl of 10×PCR buffer (Enzynomics, Korea), 5 units of Taq polymerase (Enzynomics, Korea), 4 μl of 2.5 mM dNTP (Solgent, Korea), and 2 μl (10 pmole/μl) of PCR primers) was used, and the PCR reaction was performed under the following conditions: predenaturation at 95° C. for 5 min, and then 45 cycles of denaturation at 95° C. for 40 sec, annealing at 60° C. for 45 sec and extension at 72° C. for 40 sec, followed by final extension at 72° C. for 5 min. The amplification of the PCR product was confirmed by electrophoresis on 2.0% agarose gel.

The amplified PCR product was treated with PyroGold reagents (Biotage, USA), and then subjected to pyrosequencing using the PSQ96MA system (Biotage, USA). After the pyrosequencing, the methylation degree of the DNA was measured by calculating the methylation index thereof. The methylation index was calculated by determining the average rate of cytosine binding to each CpG region. In the same manner as in Example 2, the PCR primers of Table 2 and the sequencing primers of Table 3 were used.

As a result, as can be seen in FIG. 3B, the IRX1, IRX5, KCNA1 and CHST11 genes among the 7 genes showed methylation levels higher than 40% in the normal tissue, suggesting that these genes have no utility as biomarkers. Thus, these genes were excluded from biomarker candidates. On the other hand, the SIM1, SDC2 and SORCS3 genes showed relatively low levels of methylations in the normal tissue. Thus, in order to verify whether the SIM1, SDC2 and SORCS3 genes are useful as biomarkers, the following test was performed using the tissue of colorectal cancer patients.

Example 4 Measurement of Methylation of Biomarker Genes in Tissue of Colorectal Cancer Patients

In order to verify whether the SIM1, SDC2 and SORCS3 genes showing high levels of methylation in the colorectal tissue of normal persons are useful as biomarkers for colorectal cancer diagnosis, genomic DNAs were isolated from colorectal cancer tissues isolated from 12 colorectal cancer patients (the Biochip Research Center in Yonsei University, appointed by the Korean Ministry of Health and Welfare) and the normally appearing tissues adjacent thereto.

200 ng of each of the isolated genomic DNAs was treated with bisulfite using the EZ DNA methylation-gold kit (Zymo Research, USA). Each of the treated DNAs was eluted in 20 μl of sterile distilled water and subjected to pyrosequening.

20 ng of the genomic DNA treated with bisulfite was amplified by PCR. In the PCR amplification, a PCR reaction solution (20 ng of the genomic DNA treated with bisulfite, 5 μl of 10×PCR buffer (Enzynomics, Korea), 5 units of Taq polymerase (Enzynomics, Korea), 4 μl of 2.5 mM dNTP (Solgent, Korea), and 2 μl (10 pmole/μl) of PCR primers) was used, and the PCR reaction was performed under the following conditions: predenaturation at 95° C. for 5 min, and then 45 cycles of denaturation at 95° C. for 40 sec, annealing at 60° C. for 45 sec and extension at 72° C. for 40 sec, followed by final extension at 72° C. for 5 min. The amplification of the PCR product was confirmed by electrophoresis on 2.0% agarose gel.

The amplified PCR product was treated with PyroGold reagents (Biotage, USA), and then subjected to pyrosequencing using the PSQ96MA system. After the pyrosequencing, the methylation degree of the DNA was measured by calculating the methylation index thereof. The methylation index was calculated by determining the average rate of cytosine binding to each CpG region. In the same manner as in Example 2, the PCR primers of Table 2 and the sequencing primers of Table 3 were used.

The degrees of methylation of the 3 genes were measured. As a result, as can be seen in FIG. 4, the SDC2 and SIM1 genes showed higher levels of methylation in the colorectal cancer tissues of all (100%) of the 12 patients compared to those in the normally appearing tissues. In addition, the SORCS3 gene showed high levels of methylation in the colorectal cancer tissues of 10 (83.3%) of the 12 patients (83.3%). Thus, it was found that all the three genes are highly useful as methylation biomarkers for colorectal cancer diagnosis. Table 4 below shows the average values of the methylation levels of the three biomarker genes in the colorectal cancer tissues and the normally appearing tissues adjacent thereto. In order to confirm whether the level of methylation of the genes statistically significantly differs between the colorectal cancer tissue and the normally appearing tissue, the Chi-Square test was performed. As a result, it could be seen that all the three genes showed statistically significant levels (p<0.01) (see Table 4).

TABLE 4 Results of quantitative analysis of methylation of 3 biomarkers Average methylation level (%, average ± standard deviation) Normally appearing Colorectal cancer Genes tissues tissues P values ^(a) SDC2  5.7 ± 0.6 24.5 ± 15.4 <0.0001 SIM1 18.3 ± 4.7 29.8 ± 11.8 <0.0001 SORCS3 24.1 ± 5.0 51.8 ± 19.9 0.0012 ^(a) p values obtained through the Chi-Square test

Example 5 Evaluation of the Ability of 3 Biomarkers to Diagnose Colorectal Cancer

For the SIM1, SDC2 and SORCS3 genes confirmed to be useful as colorectal cancer markers in Example 4, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed using MedCalc program (MEDCALC, Belgium) in order to evaluate the ability of the genes to diagnose colorectal cancer.

As a result, as shown in FIG. 5, the sensitivities and specificity of the genes for colorectal cancer were, respectively, 100% and 100% for the SDC2 gene, 83.3% and 100% for the SIM1 gene, and 83.3% and 100% for the SORCS3 gene. This suggests that the genes have a very excellent ability to diagnose colorectal cancer.

Additionally, among the 3 biomarkers, the SDC2 having the greatest ability to diagnose colorectal cancer was evaluated for its ability to diagnose colorectal cancer in a fecal sample.

Specifically, using a nested methylation-specific PCR (MSP) technique, genomic DNAs were isolated from the fecal samples of 4 normal persons and 10 colorectal cancer patients (the Biochip Research Center in Yonsei University, appointed by the Korean Ministry of Health and Welfare). 4 μg of each of the isolated genomic DNAs was treated with bisulfite using the EZ DNA methylation-gold kit (Zymo Research, USA). Each of the treated DNAs was eluted in 20 μl of sterile distilled water and subjected to a nested MSP test. The primer sequences used in the nested MSP test are shown in Table 5 below.

TABLE 5  Primer sequences used in MSP test of SDC2 gene   Size of amplified SEQ product ID Methylation Primers Primer sequences (5′-->3′) (bp) NOS Methylation  Outer-F AATTTCGGTACGGGAAAGGAGTTC 248 25 Outer-R AAACAAAATACCGCAACGATTACGA 26 Inner-F TAGAAATTAATAAGTGAGAGGGCGT 121 27 Inner-R GACTCAAACTCGAAAACTCGAA 28 Non- Outer-F TGAATTTTGGTATGGGAAAGGAGTTT 250 29 methylation Outer-R AAACAAAATACCACAACAATTACAAC 30 Inner-F GAGTGTAGAAATTAATAAGTGAGAGGGT 129 31 Inner-R TACAACTCAAACTCAAAAACTCAAA 32

1 μg of the genomic DNA treated with bisulfite was amplified by PCR. In the PCR amplification, a PCR reaction solution (20 μg of the genomic DNA treated with bisulfite, 5 μg of 10×PCR buffer (Enzynomics, Korea), 5 units of Taq polymerase (Enzynomics, Korea), 4 μl of 2.5 mM Dntp (Solgent, Korea), and 2 μl (10 pmole/μl) of PCR primers) was used, and the PCR reaction was performed under the following conditions: predenaturation at 95° C. for 5 min, and then 30 cycles of denaturation at 95° C. for 40 sec, annealing at 60° C. for 45 sec and extension at 72° C. for 40 sec, followed by final extension at 72° C. for 5 min. ½ of the PCR product was taken and amplified by PCR for 45 cycles in the same manner as above. The amplification of the PCR products was confirmed by electrophoresis on 2.0% agarose gel.

As a result, as shown in FIG. 6, it was observed that the SDC2 gene was not methylated in the tissues of the 4 normal persons, but was methylated in 6 (60%) of the 10 colorectal cancer patients. This suggests that the SDC2 gene is useful for the diagnosis of colorectal cancer in feces.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

As described above, The use of the inventive method for detecting methylation and the inventive composition, kit and nucleic chip for diagnosing colorectal cancer makes it possible to diagnose colorectal cancer at an early transformation stage, thus enabling the early diagnosis of colorectal cancer. In addition, the inventive method enables colorectal cancer to be effectively diagnosed in an accurate and rapid manner compared to conventional methods.

Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the specific features, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that this description is only for a preferred embodiment and does not limit the scope of the present invention. Thus, the substantial scope of the present invention will be defined by the appended claims and equivalents thereof. 

1. A method of detecting the methylation of colorectal cancer-specific methylation marker genes for colorectal cancer diagnosis, the method comprising the steps of: (a) preparing a clinical sample containing DNA; and (b) detecting the methylation of either the CpG island of SDC2 (NM_(—)002998, Syndecan 2) gene or the CpG island of the promoter of SDC2 (NM_(—)002998, Syndecan 2) gene in the DNA of the clinical sample.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein step (b) is performed by detecting the methylation of the CpG island upstream of coding sequences, in the coding regions, in enhancer regions or in intron region of the gene.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein step (b) is performed by detecting the methylation of the CpG island in the intron region of the SDC2 gene comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:
 1. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein step (b) is performed by detecting the methylation of either the CpG island of a region amplified by a primer pair of SEQ ID NOS: 25 and 26 or the CpG island of a region amplified by a primer pair of SEQ ID NOS: 27 and
 28. 5. (canceled)
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein step (b) is performed by a method selected from the group consisting of PCR, methylation-specific PCR, real-time methylation-specific PCR, PCR assay using a methylation DNA-specific binding protein, quantitative PCR, DNA chip-based assay, pyrosequencing, and bisulfate sequencing.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the clinical sample is selected from the group consisting of a tissue, cell, blood, blood plasma, feces, and urine from a patient suspected of cancer or a subject to be diagnosed.
 8. A composition for diagnosing colorectal cancer, which contains either the CpG island of SDC2 (NM_(—)002998, Syndecan 2) gene or the CpG island of the promoter of SDC2 (NM_(—)002998, Syndecan 2) gene.
 9. The composition of claim 8, wherein the CpG islands are located upstream of coding sequences, in the coding regions, in enhancer regions or in intron region of the genes.
 10. The composition of claim 8, wherein the CpG island is located in the intron region of the SDC2 gene comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:
 1. 11. The composition of claim 8, wherein the CpG island is located in a region amplified by a primer pair of SEQ ID NOS: 25 and 26 or a region amplified by a primer pair of SEQ ID NOS: 27 and
 28. 12. (canceled)
 13. A kit for diagnosing colorectal cancer, which contains: a PCR primer pair for amplifying a fragment comprising either the CpG island of SDC2 (NM_(—)002998, Syndecan 2) gene or the CpG island of the promoter of SDC2 (NM_(—)002998, Syndecan 2) gene; and a sequencing primer for pyrosequencing a PCR product amplified by the primer pair.
 14. The kit of claim 13, wherein the PCR primer pair is a primer pair of SEQ ID NOS: 12 and
 13. 15. The kit of claim 13, wherein the sequencing primer is primer of SEQ ID NO:
 22. 16. A nucleic acid chip for diagnosing colorectal cancer, which has immobilized thereon a probe which is capable of hybridizing with a fragment comprising either the CpG island of SDC2 (NM_(—)002998, Syndecan 2) gene or the CpG island of the promoter of SDC2 (NM_(—)002998, Syndecan 2) gene under strict conditions.
 17. The nucleic acid chip of claim 16, wherein the probe is selected from the group consisting of the base sequences shown by SEQ ID NOS: 33 to
 36. 18. A method of diagnosing colorectal cancer by detecting the methylation of a colorectal cancer-specific methylation marker gene, the method comprising the steps of: (a) preparing a clinical sample containing DNA; and (b) diagnosing the clinical sample as colorectal cancer or a colorectal cancer progression stage, if either the CpG island of SDC2 (NM_(—)002998, Syndecan 2) gene or the CpG island of the promoter of SDC2 (NM_(—)002998, Syndecan 2) gene is detected as being methylated in the DNA of the clinical sample.
 19. The method of claim 18, wherein step (b) is performed by detecting the methylation of the CpG island in upstream of coding sequences, in the coding regions, in enhancer region or in intron region of the gene.
 20. The method of claim 18, wherein step (b) is performed by detecting the methylation of the CpG island in the intron region of the SDC2 gene comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:
 1. 21. The method of claim 18, wherein step (b) is performed by detecting the methylation of either the CpG island of a region amplified by a primer pair of SEQ ID NOS: 25 and 26 or the CpG island of a region amplified by a primer pair of SEQ ID NOS: 27 and
 28. 